How can I diagnose and fix kernel panic errors on my MacBook Air during or after startup?

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Grade: Education Subject: Support
How can I diagnose and fix kernel panic errors on my MacBook Air during or after startup?
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A kernel panic usually manifests as a sudden restart or a message indicating that your Mac shut down because of a problem. This often points to faulty software (e.g., incompatible drivers, extensions, or applications) or, less commonly, hardware issues. To diagnose, note any recent software installations or hardware changes. Try starting in Safe Mode (hold Shift during startup) to see if the issue persists, as Safe Mode disables many third-party extensions. If the Mac works in Safe Mode, the problem is likely a third-party application or driver. You might need to uninstall recently added software or reinstall macOS. For advanced troubleshooting, including running Apple Diagnostics, refer to support.apple.com/mac/startup.