How can I troubleshoot a C++ program that compiles without errors but produces unexpected results without any error messages?

Start by using a debugger (like GDB or Visual Studio Debugger) to step through the code line by line and inspect variable values. Pay close attention to logic errors, such as incorrect calculations, off-by-one errors in loops, or incorrect conditional statements. Also, consider adding print statements to output intermediate values and verify program flow. Use a static analyzer to catch potential issues before runtime. Valgrind is also helpful for memory leaks or issues.