How can I troubleshoot SAP SQL error 10054?

Troubleshooting involves several steps: 1) Verify the database server is running. 2) Check network connectivity between the SAP application server and the database server using tools like `ping` or `telnet`. 3) Confirm the database credentials (username and password) in the SAP system are correct. 4) Inspect the SAP system's database connection parameters (e.g., in transaction SM59). 5) Examine the database server's error logs for any relevant messages. 6) Check firewalls on both the SAP and database servers to ensure traffic is allowed on the necessary ports.