What are the common algebraic notations used in SEM for representing structural and measurement models?

Common algebraic notations include matrix algebra. Matrices represent the relationships between variables, such as the path coefficients in the structural model and factor loadings in the measurement models. Symbols like *X* (observed variables), *η* (latent variables), *Λ* (factor loadings), *β* (path coefficients), *Φ* (covariance matrix of the latent variables), and *Θ* (measurement error variance) are commonly used. Understanding this notation is key to interpreting and building SEM models.