Can this error occur when comparing Pandas Series with NumPy arrays?

Yes, it can! You can encounter this error when directly comparing a Pandas Series with a NumPy array. The problem is the underlying data structures aren't aligned, even if they have the same values. The Series index must match the NumPy array's shape for proper comparison. You might need to convert the NumPy array to a Pandas Series first or use a different comparison method that handles different data types correctly.